Modernism in Paul Rand Essay - 2165 Words

Modernism in Paul Rand Topic 1 Fabrizia Corsi Critical and Cultural Studies Dawn Correia (23rd April 2013) ‘Modernism’ is derived from ‘modo’, a Latin word which means â€Å"just now†( Philosophy Basics. n.d.). Modernism, in its broad explanation includes the different movements related to art in the Europe, initiating from the end of the 19th century till the beginning of 20th century (Design History Mashup, Philip S. , 2008). These latest European movements developed to reject the conventional arts of the previous times. The public, who showed initial controversy to the new ideas, gradually acknowledged them. A major portion of these European movements and the public and political protests were†¦show more content†¦It reminds the readers of the prisoners taken away in the concentration camps and how their Christmas will be. The red dots make the design more promising and meaningful because they can be interpreted in either of the two ways. They can be the blood drops of the prisoners in concentration camps or the people who lost their lives i n the war, or they may symbolize the Christmas decorations (Meggs, 2011). In this cover there is an influence from Cubism. Picasso introduced Cubism which was based upon fragmented images (Guillaume Dorothea, 2012). Such paintings made the viewer connect the parts like a puzzle. The technique of collage was also introduced by Picasso. He represented everyday life by different pictures and materials and integrated them to make a single design. This introduced a 3D outlook on the paintings which also gave a new meaning by the combination of different objects. Rand, inspired by Picasso, followed a similar pattern in the design discussed (Bernard, 2005). He made the cover by collating a number of objects: the barbed wire, the shadow of the wire which indicates space depth suggesting texture, the name card and the double meaning portrayed by the artwork. The constructivist movement has also influenced Rand’s work. This is evident from the use of space geometrically and colors. The colors; red, white and black were prominently used by Russian constructivistShow MoreRelatedPaul Rand: Father Of Modern Graphic Design Essay1794 Words   |  8 PagesWhen Paul Rand died at age 82, his career had spanned six decades and numerous chapters of design history. His efforts to elevate graphic design from craft to profession began as early as 1932, when he was still in his teens. By the early 1940s, he had influenced the practice of advertising, book, magazine, and package design. By the late 1940s, he had developed a design language based purely on form where once only style and technique prevailed (Heller). Rand did not set out to be a radicalRead MorePaul Rand: Father of Modern Graphic Design Essay1820 Words   |  8 PagesWhen Paul Rand died at age 82, his career had spanned six decades and numerous chapters of design history. 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Before this, graphic designers would have been encouraged to look to the past to find letter forms that they could reuse, but modernists believed that these stylised letter forms expressed a longing forRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesprinciples * main contributor to the movement was pablo picasso (1881-1973) * he used elements of ancient Iberian and African tribal art as inspiration * bold geometrics were used to construct the form of the pieces * another major contributor - paul cà ©zanne (1839-1906) * cubism completely abandons traditional means of representing real life objects * an ambiguous shift to 2 dimensional planes analytical cubism - 1910-1912 * analyzing the planes of the subject matter, usually from more thanRead MoreEssay on What is Art?4193 Words   |  17 PagesH.O.O.Q. (Duchamp). E=mc ² How far can we go? Thomas Vargish and Delo E. 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The Eight Crisis Stages Of Erik Erikson Development Theory

A theory is defined by an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions. With development the series of age-related changes that happen over the course of a life span which theorist observe these developments as a series of stages during which individuals displays qualities of behavior patterns. There are five theoretical orientation to development such as psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral and social cognitive, ethological, and ecological. It is a fact that these developmental theories don’t typically agree with one another so for the purpose of this research I will focus on four of the eight crisis stages of Erik Erikson development theory and a psychosocial theorists and Lev Vygotsky development theory as a sociocultural theorist focusing on the concept of zone of proximal development and scaffolding. Both although from different times in history shared similar ideas in terms of child development. Psychologist Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt Germany on June 15th of 1902 and died in Harwich Massachusetts on May 12th 1994 as one of the more influential figures in child developmental theories. Mister Erikson was heavily influenced by the work of the famous psychoanalytic theorist Sigmund Freud however influence did not stop him from the belief that Freud s theory misjudged important dimensions of the human development (Santrock, 2012). Erikson s theory on psychosocial development, explains how weShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Stages Of Development1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Psychosocial Development The View on Erik H. Erikson s Stages of Development Frank Phan Cosumnes River College Psychology 300 Abstract This paper will touch over the aspects of Erik H Erickson s eight stages and how they affect everyday lives from infancy to adulthood. The paper will go over the approximate ages and the psychosocial crisis that they will eventually come to. Neglecting a child can lead to a cause of mental negligence in the form of Arrested Development. Within differentRead MoreThe Theorist I Choose For This Paper That I Believe I Relate1509 Words   |  7 Pagesmost is Erik Erikson. Erik Erikson is best known for his theory on identity, which was a theory that was broadened from Sigmund Freud while retaining its core work (Schultz, D. Schultz, S., 2013). Erik Erikson’s mother, who was Jewish, became pregnant but a man that was not her husband after her husband’s disappearance. She was sent to Germany, where she gave birth to Erik. Erik Erikson grew up believing his pediatrician was his biological father due to his mother marrying this man. Since Erik EriksonRead MoreErik Erikson s T heory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. 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Erik had blond hair, blue eyes, and NordicRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Development1103 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development â€Å"Erik Erikson was best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked and important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan† (Cherry). This paper will discuss Erikson’s childhood and the influence it had on his work. AlsoRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Of Development1582 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development Erik Erikson, a German psychologist of the early 1900s, is most known for his theory on psychosocial development in humans. He was heavily influenced by his work with Anna Freud and her father, Sigmund Freud. However, in his research, he put emphasis on the cultural and social impact on identity development and studying the ego, which he believed developed with successful crisis resolving throughout life (â€Å"Erikson’s Stages†, 2007). He proposed theRead MoreCompare and contrast the developmental life span theories742 Words   |  3 PagesUrie Bronfenbrenner perspective on lifespan development was the bio-ecological approach which suggest that five levels if the environment simultaneously influence indviduals. He tagged different aspects or levels of environment that influences a child’s development. Urie Bronfenbrenner five major systems are called microsystem; which is everyday immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives. Second is the me sosystem; which provides connections between the various aspects of the microsystemRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 Pagesthe education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidence is wounded, trust impaired. - Erik Erikson Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a Germon born developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human lie. He is most famous for devising the phrase â€Å"identity crisis.† Erikson was a Harvard professor althoughRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory On Child Development1388 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud s work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson found out that children experience conflicts which affect their development. He described the internal conflict which children go through in developmental stages using the term ‘crisis’ and are based onRead MoreIndustry Vs Inferiority Or Albert Bandura Social Learning Theory And Self-Adolency1444 Words   |  6 Pagesmore complete in describing what it takes for the grade school child to develop mastery and competence, Erik Erikson Industry versus inferiority or Albert Bandura social learning theory and self-efficacy. Industry vs inferiority is stage four of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is demanding (e.g., being athletic) then

Marketing and Customer Engagement Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Consumer behavior analysis, including identification of the type of consumer and target market. Answer: Introduction: To analyze the buying behavior of consumes is the most important part for every company. Consumers are the pillar for the success of a company. So, it is crucial to analyze the behavior of the consumers towards product and services (Baraban Durocher, 2010). The Aloha poke caf is expanding its business in Australia. Before expanding the business, it is important for the caf to understand the consumer behavior in the Australian market. The cafe has variety in food and it brings innovations in the food time to time. Along with this, aloha poke caf provides a variety of healthy, nutritious and clean catering to its customers. But, to attract t more and more customers, caf needs to understand the needs and requirements of the customers (Egerton-Thomas, 2006). There are four steps to analyze the behavior of the consumers It is important for the Aloha poke caf to provide such services to the customers which can grasp the attention of the customers. The Aloha poke has identified the young customers for marketing the products. It has been seen that there are lots of young people who are going college and school. The caf will be beneficial for them to take lunch and dinner and to do the parties. They want best quality of food in good taste with lower rates. Info search In this part, Aloha poke needs to search the information related to the customers taste and preferences. There is lots of competition in the food industry and the substitutes of the products are available easily. So, there is the possibility that consumers can switch to other caf if they are not satisfied (Armstrong Cunningham, 2012). Next point is evaluation of info search done by the company. In the evaluation part, caf has to categorize the customers based on their tastes and preferences. For example, some people like black coffee and some people like strong sugar in coffee. On the basis of categorization, caf will be able to satisfy the customers. In this part, Aloha poke caf needs to compare the purchasing decisions of the customers with other cafes. On the basis of purchasing evaluation, Caf will be able to analyze the mindset of the consumers in terms of their products. It is important not only to please the customers at the time of purchasing but also satisfy them for the post purchasing. In this part, caf need to satisfy the customers in such a way that they come to the caf again and again for further services. Type of customers and Target market The Aloha poke caf will mainly attract the age group of 24 to 38. It will attract 30% of young population to enter the new market in the beginning. The reason is that they are the most social and tech-savvy generation of the country. Aloha poke caf can get benefit from this generation because the young people are fond of eat out and drink coffee outside of the home. After that, caf will focus on the family members and family oriented group (Fifield, 2012). The target market of caf is described in the figure. References Armstrong, G., Cunningham, M. H. (2012). Principles of marketing. Australia: Pearson publication Baraban, R. S. Durocher, J. F. (2010).Successful Restaurant Design. USA: John Wiley Sons Egerton-Thomas, C. (2006). How to open and run a successful restaurant. (3rd). UK: John Wiley and Sons, Inc Fifield, P. (2012). Marketing strategy. (2nd edition). Berlin: Reed educational publishing Pvt Ltd

Archetypal Symbols in the Alchemist Essay Example For Students

Archetypal Symbols in the Alchemist Essay The Alchemist was written by Paulo Coelho and it was first published in 1988. It was originally written in Portuguese and has since been translated in 67 different languages. It has sold over 65 million copies worldwide and was awarded â€Å"Best Fiction Corine International Award† in 2002. It follows a story of a boy named Santiago who is following his personal legend. The Alchemist has many archetypal themes and symbols including wise old men, women, and the nature around him. Throughout this novel, Coelho uses archetypal men. The men he uses are the Alchemist, his father, and the King of Salem. Wise old men symbolize the ‘savior’, ‘redeemer’, and the ‘guru’. The first of the three wise men that Santiago encounters is his father. His father had wanted Santiago to become a priest, but despite those wishes he had; he still gave Santiago his blessing when he told him he wanted to travel and become a shepherd. The second wise man Santiago encountered on his journey was the King of Salem. This man motivates Santiago to follow his personal legend. He tells him that his recurrent dream is true and he should follow the dream to the pyramids of Egypt. The final and most important wise man Santiago came upon in his journey was the Alchemist. The Alchemist was the one to â€Å"push him† to stay on the right path of following his personal legend, rather than staying with Fatima in the oasis. He guided him through the desert and taught him many things along the way, including about the Soul of the World and how everything is connected. â€Å"You must understand that love never keeps a man from pursuing his Personal Legend. If he abandons that pursuit, it’s because it wasn’t true love . . . the love that speaks the Language of the World† (Coelho 120). These three wise old men were very important because if Santiago had never came across them he would have just given up on his Personal Legend and just remained a shepherd for the rest of his life. In addition, Paulo Coelho uses archetypal women. Archetypal women represent the mysteries of life, death, and transformation. The women he uses are the gypsy woman, his mother, and his soul mate, Fatima. The first woman he comes across is his own mother. His mother is much like his father, who wants him to just to grow up and become a priest. Regardless of that however, she is very supportive and wishes him the best when Santiago tells his parents he wants to be a shepherd. The next woman he encounters is the gypsy woman. Santiago went to visit a gypsy to see if she had could figure out anything about the dream he kept on having. She tells him that he should follow these dreams to the pyramids, but once he finds this treasure, he must give her one tenth of it. ‘â€Å"And this is my interpretation: you must go to the Pyramids in Egypt. I have never heard of them, but, if it was a child who showed them to you, they exist. There you will find a treasure that will make you a rich man’† (Coelho 14). The final woman he meets is his soul mate, Fatima. When he first meets Fatima he falls straight in love with her. He had wanted to stay behind and leave his Personal Legend, but it was Fatima and the Alchemist who had told him not to abandon it. Fatima told him to come back for her once he had found his Personal Legend and that she would wait for him no matter how long it would take him. These three women helped guide Santiago and kept him on the right path to finding his Personal Legend. .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec , .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .postImageUrl , .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec , .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec:hover , .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec:visited , .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec:active { border:0!important; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec:active , .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2078659c3165a58b593edcd1cb7ba2ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How To Build A Web Page EssayA final example of archetypal symbols used in The Alchemist is nature. The tree, which symbolizes its growth, proliferation, generative and regenerative processes, was used a lot. Near the beginning of the story, Santiago rests in churchyard with a giant sycamore tree growing out of it, where he had his dream of his treasure. Santiago also encounters the palm trees which symbolize life in the desert. â€Å"The roof had fallen in long ago, and an enormous sycamore had grown on the spot where the sacristy had once stood† (Coelho 3). Santiago then encounters the same sycamore tree when he goes full circle on his journey. Another symbol is the desert. The desert represents death, and desolation. As Santiago travels across it, he learns a lot about himself and everything around him and how they are all connected to each other. One of the many others Coelho uses is water. Water symbolizes the mystery of creation; birth-death-resurrection; purification and redemption; fertility and growth. The water shows up first when he crosses the ocean. It shows him leaving his old shepherd self behind and moving forward toward his Personal Legend. It shows up again at the oasis when he first sees Fatima which represents the fertility and growth because immediately after that he falls in love with her. The three archetypal details in nature I listed are just a few of many that were used throughout The Alchemist. Three archetypal topics were used throughout The Alchemist which was the use of wise old men, women, and nature. These archetypal details made the book what it is and were among the most important details throughout the book. Archetypal details have been used in every story, from The Iliad, to The Natural; they have been used all throughout time. All of the archetypes helped Santiago to find his Personal Legend. The wise old men were there to help him realize and be supportive and keep him on the right path to finding his Personal Legend. The women were supportive much like how the men were and helped to keep him on the right path. Nature was used mainly to symbolize the changes that Santiago himself was undergoing. These three archetypal symbols and themes; wise old men, women, and nature, were used throughout the novel, The Alchemist.

Post-Cold War Economic Integration free essay sample

Examining the challenges facing post Cold-War economic integration. This essay identifies and explores some of the major challenges to European economic integration in the post-cold war era. It also traces the development of the European Union from the years following World War Two to the groundbreaking Maastricht Treaty. At the close of the Second World War, Heads of State from around the globe came together with the goal of ensuring that the devastation seen in that violent conflict would never again be repeated. One of their primary goals was to reinforce the European economy so that the continent could rise from the ashes of their broken cities and achieve the eminent philosopher Immanuel Kants dream of perpetual peace. The U.S. Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, devised a plan that would give Europe the aid it so desperately needed but only if the individual countries pulled together and launched a joint effort to revitalize their continent. We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Cold War Economic Integration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This measure would ensure the impecunious economic conditions that indirectly brought Hitler, Mussolini and Franco into power would be avoided. As the years progressed and the wounds of war slowly healed, Western European economies began to integrate their coal and steel markets.

SAT Test Dates 2015 - 2016

SAT Test Dates 2015 - 2016 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We present information about SAT test datesfor the 2015-2016 school year here. We also link to our top articles that you must read before deciding on a test date. Table: 2015-2016SAT Test Dates and Deadlines The 2015-2016 school year's test dates, normal registration deadlines, late registration deadlines, and score availability are posted below. Test Date NormalDeadline Late Registration Online Score Release October 3, 2015 September 3, 2015 September 22, 2015 October 22, 2015 November 7, 2015 October 9, 2015 October 27, 2015 November 26, 2015 December 5, 2015 November 5, 2015 November 23, 2015 December 24, 2015 January 23, 2016 December 28, 2015 January 12, 2016 February 11, 2016 March 5, 2016 * February5, 2016 February 23, 2016 May 10, 2016 May 7, 2016 * April 8, 2016 April 26, 2016 June 14, 2016 June 4, 2016 * May 5, 2016 May 25, 2016 July 12, 2016 * = New SAT Test Dates for all tests March 2016 and forward - see note below The College Board administers the SAT on Saturdays, with more tests offered in the fall. If you can't take the test on Saturday for religious or other reasons, Sunday alternate dates are usually available. Visual Calendar of 2015 and 2016 Dates You shouldn't just put down the next date that's available. To choose the best test dates for you personally, we have created a full guide for you for SAT test date selection. First, here arefour test date factors you should consider. Second, you should plan ahead and think about whether you want to take the SAT more than once. (Note: the chart below is based on older predictions, so while the test dates are accurate, refer above to the offical table for exactly accurate Normal and Late Deadline Dates) (C) 2015 PrepScholar Inc, Use with Link to PrepScholar.com Allowed You can clearly see a few things immediately: SAT test dates are very tightly clustered in the fall. In Spring 2016 the dates were much more spread out, with the exception of May/June. It's difficult to take two SATs in a row: by the time the score comes out, the late registration date has already passed. Besides, you'll want to prep to make the most of a re-test. Warning: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates // What's Next? The next step after you've figured out which dates you want is to register for the SAT (read our step-by-step instruction here). Also, if you want to score well, you should consider the different ways to prep for the sat. We consider the pros and cons of different prep methods with our free ebook. Notes about New SAT and Accuracy All the SATsfrom March 2016 forward are in the New SAT (out of 1600) format. Since these tests were still being actively developed by the College Board, they were especially liable for fluctuation - even after official College Board annouces them formally. Last minute College Board date changes can and do happen historically, so we encourage you sign up for our free notifcation through our blog. We'll keep an eye on changes so you don't have to! Other Articles You May Be Interested In Future Years' SAT Test Dates How to Choose the Best SAT Test Dates (updated!) Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

What sort of religious experience should I give my children Research Paper - 1

What sort of religious experience should I give my children - Research Paper Example Jesus proclaimed in John’s Gospel, â€Å"I am the vine, you are the branches. Whoever remains in me and I in him will bear much fruit† (Jordly 202). Jesus Christ wants us to know that we are at one with Him, and so we must prepare our children to receive Him. The Holy Communion is the leading sacrament because the Lord divinely exists in us. Several Christian faiths commemorate a communion feast with wine and bread as a symbol of our relationship with God, or as a means to celebrate the Last Supper (Cottrell 128). Followers of the Catholic faith consider this communion meal as something beyond a mere commemoration or symbol. When Jesus Christ proclaimed, â€Å"This is my body†¦ This is my blood,† (Wallace 25). Catholics know the meaning of the words faithfully as Jesus uttered them. Jesus also proclaimed (Cottrell 129): Very truly, I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood have eternal life, and I will raise them up on the last day; for my flesh is true food and my blood is true drink. Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood abide in me, and I in them. Hence, at the time of sanctification, Catholics know that the wine and bread are not wine and bread anymore. The wine and bread have become Jesus Christ Himself, his soul, blood, body, and holiness. It is a unique miracle that takes place on Catholic shrines across the globe, each day, from the moment Jesus Christ bestowed upon us this sacrament at the Last Supper (Glavich 12). Nobody, not even adults with tons of knowledge, not even the people of the Church, can wholly grasp how this strong bond with Jesus occurs. It is an unfathomable enigma. This essay is built on the question, â€Å"what sort of religious experience should I give my children?† I already confronted this question a long time ago, and it is only recently that I finally found the answer. I realized that I

Gender History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender History - Essay Example he men were supposed to be the active participants in the battlefield while for a woman it is important to be chaste and moral to prove that she is a good citizen. The benchmark of patriotism is thus based on the gender of the individual. Here we are going to focus on the same gender construction of the Second World War especially in Britain. Same issue is discussed by Prof. Sonya Rose in her book â€Å"Which People’s War.† Here we are going to discuss the points which are related to the gender construction during the Second World War. All wars which occurred in the history are mainly fought by the men and there are very exceptional cases where women have taken part on actual battlefield right from the mythological war to the modern war. It is generally anticipated that only men are eligible to serve as a soldiers because of their physical strength they have got by nature. Rather the masculinity of any man is judged by his willingness to fight. Of course it doesn’t mean that the women had never participated in the war actively. Some exceptional cases of course are there like Saint Joan or Rani of Jhansi etc. But these women have comprised only 1% and the rest of the women have denied for this work. Generally men and women are socialized to play their role according to their gender. Their minds are culturally prepared accordingly. Hence gender has always been the important and unavoidable matter in the war. Men are given the status of heroes and are always anticipated as the subject while the women are alway s taken for granted as a fragile creature and they are subject to be raped during the war time. Generally war time work used to be divided on the basis of gender. Janet Lee in her book â€Å"War Girl†states, â€Å"Women’s entry into this masculine space of war in any role other than that of nurse, that submissive angel of mercy, threatened the foundation of wartime gender construction with its division into masculine military forces and feminine home

Mid term essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mid term essays - Essay Example There are many perspectives on this issue. But the answer to this question is rather simple. One issue with philosophy is that it has clouded many important debates in voluminous words and obscure theories. The books written on the subject are so difficult and confusing that they are not doing the good they must do to the society. The disparity between the understanding of a lay man and philosophy has harmed, in my opinion, the world. The answer is very simple. There is no point in this argument that a person has to be virtuous in order to perform a virtuous action. The first problem with this statement is that who and how this virtuous man will be defined. According to Aristotle a person is virtuous if he displays a moderate behavior that is a behavior that is between the two extremes (Bostock, 2000). He also believed that virtue is something that can only be learnt and one is not born a virtuous man. Without commenting on the Doctrine of Mean of Aristotle, I would like to agree with Aristotle on this part that virtue is acquired and is not something that a person enjoys from birth. The idea that virtue is learnt provides answer to our question. Virtue if learnt can be achieved by any person, and not just a virtuous person. Anyone can learn to become virtuous can in turn can perform a virtuous act. Even if a person has not acquired all the traits of a virtuous person, he can perform a virtuous action if he has learnt that particular virtuous behavior. We should understand this by an example. A person who has all the traits of a virtuous man in considered virtuous. Now if there is a person who has only some traits of a virtuous man, like he is honest and just, but not all traits of a virtuous man (he is not courageous) then he can perform virtuous (just and honest) acts. He may not be courageous but he can perform a virtuous act. If virtue is acquired and not granted by birth, then a person who is not courageous today can become courageous tomorrow. So

Role Of Armed Forces During Disaster Relief

Role Of Armed Forces During Disaster Relief 1. Although the man has made extensive progress in his relatively short existence on earth, he is still virtually helpless in front of vagaries of nature. Natural disasters such as cyclones, flood and earthquakes ravage mans domain at will and cause much loss to life and property. Despite everyones concern for disasters and technological developments in the world, the response to disasters has been knee jerk and uncoordinated at international, national and state levels. The problem is more acute in developing countries rather than in developed ones. The United Nations and its specialised agencies have always had an interest in and commitment to disaster relief. Therefore, there are various disaster relief, preparedness, prevention and mitigation programmes being carried out by various United Nations Organisations  [1]  . 2. The trend of occurrence of disasters is increasing and will escalate in future. Disasters like tsunamis and earthquakes, which have been the most destructive, along with the floods and droughts that arise from extreme weather conditions, are expected to get worse due to adverse impact of climate change. In the 21st century, the 2001 Bhuj earthquake; the 2004 tsunami; the 2005 earthquake in Kashmir; heavy rainfall in Mumbai in 2006 when nearly 1 m rain fell in a single day; the 2008 Bihar Kosi disaster; the August 2010 cloud burst in Leh; and, most recently, the September 2011 Sikkim earthquake have seen the armed forces as first responders  [2]  . 3. In Indian context it is unlikely that the local civil administration will have the resources available immediately to deal with a major disaster such as the earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 or the Tsunami of 2004. Therefore, it is essential that the state governments prepare detail disaster management plans and keep the resources in terms of men and material ready for use at short notice. There is a need for civil administration at the district and state levels to organise disaster relief cells with a pool of reserve. At present due to the inability of local administration to deal with natural calamities, armed forces are invariably employed for disaster relief. 4. In spite of breakdown of communications and the absence of a major strength of troops and resources, the response of the armed forces has always been prompt and won the respect of all concerned. The mainstay and strength of the Armed forces vis-à  -vis civilian organisations has been the sense of discipline, training to respond to orders, adaptability, selfless dedication to the cause, genuine concern and focused action. These factors have always resulted in many individuals and NGOs wanting to route assistance through the Armed forces. Seeing the good work being done by the Armed forces, the government organisations, NGOs and civil agencies then join in the relief effort. This generates a spirit of cooperation. The mere presence of Armed forces troops instils a sense of security and gives solace to the affected people  [3]  . Disaster Response Activities 5. Disaster management, which involves assessment and response, can be seen in various activities. The following are various activities of emergency response. Warning. Search and Rescue. Evacuation and Migration. Response and Relief. Logistics and Supply. Communication and Information Management. Rehabilitation. Post-Disaster Assessment  [4]  . 6. Natural calamities impart lessons at a huge cost of life and property. But if these lessons do not lead us to learning, then the cost will seem even heavier. At the time recurrence of disaster, the failure to learn from the previous incidents hurts the most. The massive earthquake in Gujarat and the subsequent chaos were indicators of how important prior planning is in managing relief and rehabilitation during various disasters. The Kutchh region required massive immediate assistance , however civil administration was unprepared for such crisis. Indian armed forces were employed for the relief from the begining. This made the need for a proper disaster mitigation plan very apparent. Learning from experience is essential in building a knowledge resource which would help in being better prepared in the future. CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY 1. Hypothesis. A common thread in a countrys response to disaster situation is military support to civilian authorities. India disaster relief mechanism in the present form lacks the required synergy between civil and military organisations to facilitate a synergised response. 2. Statement of Problem. The civil administration often falls back on the armed forces for assistance in crisis situations. Efficient disaster management mechanism, therefore, should incorporate the armed forces at each stage. The formulated plans should specify the assistance likely to be required in disaster situations. The most efficient system will be to have seamless integration in operations, with an aim of core competency areas of each establishment giving its best in least time. The aim of the study is to examine the disaster relief mechanism existing in the country and analyze the interplay of various organizations in handling the disaster situation. Justification for the Study 3. Over the past few years, the Government has introduced a paradigm shift in the approach to disasters. Corner stone of this approach is the realisation that disaster management has to be multi-disciplinary and spanning across all the sectors of development. As calamities evoke extraordinary response, the civil authoritys reliance on the Armed Forces has also ever increased. Due to their quick response, Armed forces have become a mantra in the hands of the state to respond to such calamities spanning from Law and Order problems to large scale disasters. Despite our country being extremely vulnerable and prone to natural calamities, no detailed hazard and vulnerability assessments have been carried out either at the State or the National level  [5]  . 4. Is the country adequately prepared with infrastructure and strategy against various natural disasters? There are differences of opinion on this issue. According to some, there are certain limitations, but overall, the country is well equipped. Others, however point out that the country does not have detailed vulnerability assessments, forcing it to only respond to calamities and organise reconstruction  [6]  . It is in this context that this study assumes greater importance. It will analyse various facets of disaster preparedness, evaluate existing structures for disasters management and put forward its recommendations. 5. For the purpose of this study disasters related to war, civil disturbance and slow disasters (Like crop failure, famine etc) will be kept out. Natural disasters (Like floods, earthquake etc) and the response of armed forces in helping civil administration would be the focus of the study. The study is basically confined to the role of Armed forces, to include Air Force and Navy in providing assistance to the civil authorities in all natural calamities. 6. Method of Data Collection. Data and information has been collected from Military Papers, periodicals, newspapers and books. Disaster management setup of the country has been derived from NDMA 2005 Ministry of Home Affairs documents on disaster management. 7. Organisation of the Dissertation. The research paper is covered under the following Chapters :- (a) Introduction. (b) Methodology. (c) National policy on disaster management. (d) Role of armed forces. (e) International disaster relief system. (f) Current concerns and recommendations. CHAPTER III NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT As of now, the government has no concrete disaster management policy. Many disasters are first created by us and then crores of rupees are spent on rescue and relief operations. The government should focus more on a sustainable model of development which can avoid disasters. Sunder Lal Bhauguna 1. Evolution of Disaster Management in India. Disaster management in India has evolved from an activity-based reactive setup to a proactive institutionalized structure; from single faculty domain to a multi-stakeholder setup; and from a relief-based approach to a multi-dimensional pro-active holistic approach for reducing risk. The beginnings of an institutional structure for disaster management can be traced to the British period following the series of disasters such as famines of 1900, 1905, 1907 1943, and the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 1937. Over the past century, the disaster management in India has undergone substantive changes in its composition, nature and policy  [7]  . 2. Emergence of Institutional Arrangement in India. A permanent and institutionalised setup began in the decade of 1990s with set up of a disaster management cell under the Ministry of Agriculture, following the declaration of the decade of1990 as the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) by the UN General Assembly. Following series of disasters such as Latur Earthquake (1993), Malpa Landslide (1994),Orissa Super Cyclone (1999) and Bhuj Earthquake (2001), a high powered Committee under the Chairmanship of Mr. J.C. Pant, Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture was constituted for drawing up a systematic, comprehensive and holistic approach towards disasters  [8]  . There was a shift in policy from an approach of relief through financial aid to a holistic one for addressing disaster management. Consequently, the disaster management division was shifted under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2002 and a hierarchical structure for disaster management evolved in India2. Organisation and Structure of Disaster Management 3. Disaster management division is headed by Joint Secretary in ministry of home affairs, who is assisted by three Directors, Under Secretaries, Section Officers, Technical Officer, Senior Economic Investigator consultants and other supporting staff. The upper echelon of the structure also consists of Secretary (Border Management), Home Secretary, Minister of State in charge and the Home Minister. 4. Shifting from the relief and response mode, disaster management structure in India started to address the issues of early warning systems, forecasting and monitoring setup for various weather related hazards. A structure for flow of information, in the form of warnings, alerts and updates about the oncoming hazard, also emerged in this framework. A high powered group was setup by involving representatives of different ministries and departments. Some of these ministries were also designated as nodal authorities for specific disasters3. Disaster Management Act, 2005 5. This Act provides for the effective management of disasters in the country. NDMA provides institutional mechanisms for formulating and monitoring the implementation of the disaster management. It also ensures measures by the various branches of the Government for prevention and mitigation of disasters and prompt response during any disaster situation. The Act provides for setting up of National Disaster Management Authority under Chairmanship of the Prime Minister, State Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of the Chief Ministers, District Disaster Management Authorities under the Chairmanship of Collectors/District Magistrates/Deputy Commissioners. 6. The Act further provides for the constitution of different Executive Committee at national and state levels. Under its aegis, the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for capacity building and National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for response purpose have been set up. It also mandates the concerned Ministries and Departments to draw up their own plans in accordance with the National Plan. The Act further contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as creation of funds for response, National Disaster Mitigation Fund and similar funds at the state and district levels for the purpose of disaster management. The Act also provides specific roles to local bodies in disaster management4. National Level Institutions 7. National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was initially constituted on May 30, 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister. The NDMA has been mandated with laying down policies on disaster management and guidelines which would be followed by different ministries, departments of central government and state government in taking measures for disaster risk reduction. It has also laid down guidelines to be followed by the state government authorities in drawing up the State Plans and to take such measures for the management of disasters, Details of these responsibilities are given as under :- (a) Lay down policies on disaster management. (b) Approve the National Plan. (c) Approve plans prepared by various ministries or departments of the government of India in accordance with the National Plan for disaster management. (d) Lay down guidelines for the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan. (e) Lay down guidelines for the different ministries or departments of the government for the purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disasters and the mitigation of their effects in their development plans projects. (f) Coordinate the implementation of the policy and plan for disaster management within the country. (g) Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of disaster mitigation. (h) Provide support to other countries affected by disasters on the recommendation of Central Government. (j) Take other measures for the prevention of disaster, mitigation, preparedness and capacity building for dealing with the disaster situation . (k) Lay down policies and guidelines for functioning of the National Institute for Disaster Management  [9]  . 8. Composition of NDMA. Besides the nine members nominated by the Prime Minister, Chairperson of the Authority, the Organisational structure consists of a Secretary and five Joint Secretaries including one Financial Advisor. There are 10 posts of Joint Advisors and Directors, 14 Assistant Advisors, Under Secretaries and Assistant Financial Advisor and Duty Officer along with supporting staff  [10]  . 9. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA). The Disaster Management Act, 2005 provides for constitution of SDMAs in all the states and UTs. The Act envisages establishment of State Executive Committee, to be headed by Chief Secretary of the state Government with four other Secretaries of such departments as the state Government may think fit. It has the responsibility for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan. 10. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA). NDMA provides for constitution of DDMA for every district of a state. The District Magistrate/ District Collector/Deputy Commissioner heads the Authority as Chairperson besides an elected representative of the local authority as Co-Chairperson. The District Authority is responsible for planning, coordination and implementation of disaster management and to take such measures for disaster management as provided in the guidelines. The District Authority also has the power to examine the construction in any area in the district to enforce the safety standards and also to arrange for relief measures and respond to the disaster at the district level. 11. National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM). In the backdrop of the International decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), a National centre of disaster management has been established at the Indian Institute for Public Administration in 1995. The Centre was subsequently upgraded and designated as the National Institute of Disaster management on 16th October 2003. Disaster management act, 2005 entrusts the institute with various responsibilities, such as to develop the training modules, undertake research and documentation for disaster management, organise the training programmes, organise study courses, conferences, and seminars to promote disaster management. It is also responsible for publication of journals, research papers and books on disaster management  [11]  . 12. National Disaster Response Force. The National Disaster Response Force has been constituted under Disaster management act, 2005 by up-gradation/conversion of eight standard battalions of central para military forces i.e. two battalions each from Border Security Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Central Industrial Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force to build them up as a specialist force to respond to disaster or disaster like situations. 13. The eight battalions of NDRF consist of 144 specialised teams trained in various types of natural, manmade and non-natural disasters.72 of such teams are designed to cater to the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear(CBRN) calamities besides natural calamities. Each NDRF battalion consists of 1149 personnel organised in 18 teams comprising of 45 personnel, who are being equipped and trained for rendering effective response to any disaster situation, both natural and manmade. All these eight battalions are being trained in natural disasters while four of them are being additionally trained for handling CBRN disasters. Based on vulnerability profile of different regions of the country, these specialist battalions have been presently stationed at the following eight places:- Bhatinda. Gr. Noida. Vadodara. Pune (talegaon). Bhubaneshwar (mundali). Kolkata. Guwahati. Patna. Chennai (Arakkonam).  [12]   14. The Government of India has approved the raising of two additional battalions of National Disaster Response Force by up gradation and conversion of one battalion each of Border Security Force and Central Reserve Police Force to be located in the states of Bihar (Bihata, Patna) and Andhra Pradesh (Vijaywada) respectively. The administrative approval for raising the two battalions was issued on 13-10- 2010  [13]  . 15. State Disaster Response Force. The states/UTs have also been advised to set up their Specialist Response Force for responding to disasters on the lines of National Disaster Response Force by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Central Government is providing assistance for training of trainers. The state governments have been also advised to utilise 10 percent of their State Disaster Response Fund and Capacity Building Grant for procuring the search and rescue equipment and for training purposes of the Response Force  [14]  . Civil Defence 16. Role of Civil Defence. During times of emergencies, the CD organisation has the vital role of mobilising the citizens and helping civil administration for saving life and property, minimising damage, and raising public morale. 225 towns have been nominated as CD towns. 17. Each town has nucleus of four Permanent Staff along with 400 CD Volunteers for a two lakh population. It is expected that each state will have one CD Training Institute with permanent strength of 36 personnel, five vehicles and other equipments. The District Magistrate is designated as a Controller for CD Towns. The present strength of CD volunteers is 5.72 lakhs, out of which 5.11 lakhs are already trained. The target strength of CD volunteers has been fixed at 13 lakhs based on the population of CD towns as per 2001 census  [15]  . National Crisis Management 18. For effective implementation of necessary relief measures in the wake of a natural disaster, the Cabinet has established a Committee. On the constitution of this committee of the cabinet, the concerned Secretary will provide all the necessary information and data to and seek directions of the cabinet committee in all the matters concerning disaster relief. In the absence of this cabinet Committee, all matters relating to disaster relief will be reported to the Cabinet Secretary. 19. National Crisis Management Committee. A National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) has been constituted in the Cabinet Secretariat. The composition of the Committee is as under  [16]  :- (a) Cabinet Secretary Chairman. (b) Secretary to Prime Minister Member. (c) Secretary (MHA) Member. (d) Secretary (MOD) Member. (e) Director (IB) Member. (f) Secretary (RAW) Member. (g) Secretary (Agriculture) Co-opted Member. (h) An Officer of Cabinet Secretariat Convener. 20. Calamities Relief Fund. The government has earmarked two funds i.e. Calamities Relief Fund and National Fund for Calamities. The nodal agency for recommending release of these two funds is the Crisis Management Group in the Ministry of Agriculture, which is headed by Central Relief Commissioner. The allocation for the all the states under these funds is done by the Finance Commission for a duration of five years, based on the vulnerability of the states to Natural calamities and average expenditure. National Fund for Calamities is additional fund besides Calamities Relief Fund ; while 75 percent of CRF is contributed by the centre, the allocation under National Fund for Calamities is entirely by the centre and more or less discretionary  [17]  . Forecasting Warning 21. Forecasting about climate change is pre requisite for taking preparedness measure to respond to the disaster is the most important element of disaster management. The Ministry of Environment Forest , Ministry of Earth Sciences , Ministry of Science Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy, Defence Research Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian Space Research Organization and Indian Meteorological Department promote and undertake climate and climate change related research in the country  [18]  . (a) Atmosphere Watch Stations. A network of 10 Global Atmosphere Watch Stations consisting of Allahabad, Jodhpur, Kodaikanal, Minicoy, Mohanbari, Port Blair, Pune, Nagpur, Srinagar and Vishakhapatnam, is maintained by IMD as per WMO protocols and standards since 1974 to generate data and information on the exchange of trace materials between the atmosphere and the earths surface, making atmospheric turbidity and air quality measurements to quantify trends and acid rain threats. (b) Atmospheric monitoring. There are 25 types of atmospheric monitoring networks that are operated and coordinated by the IMD. This includes meteorological, climatologically, environment, air pollution and other specialized observation of atmospheric trace constituents. (c) Cyclone Warning. The IMD has established an observation network for detecting cyclones through 10 cyclone detection radars along the coasts. The detection range of these radars is 400 km. INSAT-1B satellite also monitors cyclonic movements. Ships and commercial radars are also utilized for cyclonic warnings. About 260 merchant ships have meteorological observation systems. (d) Flood Forecast. The Ministry of water resources has an effective flood forecast system with 157 flood forecasting centres covering 62 river basins. Along with IMD, they monitor rainfall water levels in the reservoirs. India has also developed radars which give accurate estimate of rainfall up to 200 km around the radar site. (e) Tsunami warning. Post tsunami dated 26th December, 2004, Ministry of Earth Sciences has established the Indian National Tsunami Warning System at Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. The Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) was made operational on 15th Oct 2007. This agency has developed a protocol for issue for Tsunami Watch, Alert and Warnings. The Centre gives information to all responders about the origin, time, location of the epicentre, magnitude and depth of an earthquake inside the ocean and accordingly issues bulletins. (f) Avalanche Warning. DRDOs network of more than fifty laboratories is deeply engaged in developing Defence technologies. Centre for Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) is one of the laboratories of the DRDO located at Chandigarh with its primary function to do research in the field of snow and avalanches and to provide avalanche control measures and forecasting support to Armed forces. Role of Voluntary Organisations 22. The role of voluntary organisations is to help people overcome the problems created by natural calamities by providing relief services to the people. They also works as the eyes and ears by acting as the intermediary between the masses and the government agencies to avoid duplication, ensure proper distribution of resources and organise vigilance groups for preventing of misuse of resources. 23. Some of the activities under taken by voluntary organisations are:- (a) Establishing free food distribution centres, distributing blankets, clothes and medicines to prevent epidemics. (b) Organising necessary relief camps, first aid centres, and immunisation camps. (c) Organisation relief teams and sending them to far-flung affected areas to provide relief and monitor relief programmes. (d) Organising awareness programmes about different relief activities initiated by Government and Non Government Organisations. (e) Generating employment opportunities in the affected areas. (f) Adoption of families of the affected areas. CHAPTER IV ROLE OF ARMED FORCES 1. The armed forces of any nation are probably best organised to provide support for establishing a various of public services like public works, communications, transport, medical services, search rescue, and support activities. They are able to react quickly in a self contained, self sufficient and mobile fashion. Armed forces personnel are well trained in the skills necessary to perform their professional activities and can function under an integrated / flexible management system. So there is an enormous potential inherent in them to provide enormous capability to restore emergency services. 2. During the natural calamities, when many parts of the country are affected by them and it is beyond the capability of local administration to organise the rescue and relief, armed forces may be called upon to provide / organise relief measures. Armed Forces may also be called upon to provide assistance to other friendly countries, in case this has been requested for. One such example is that of Bangladesh. In 1991, when it was hit by worst cyclone in the history of the country the US armed forces, carried out relief operations  [19]  . In addition Indian Air Force also sent six helicopters for airlifting relief material to the affected areas. 3. Each year Armed Forces are called upon on several occasions for rendering assistance to civil administration throughout the nation during monsoon season for providing rescue and relief during the floods. The role of the armed forces during relief, rescue operations after Uttarkashi earthquake, Latur earthquake in Maharashtra, Chamoli earthquake and Floods in Orissa are well known. 4. Assistance Provided by Armed Forces. The Armed Forces may be called upon to render following type of assistance during natural calamities  [20]  :- (a) Infrastructure for Command and Control. (b) Medical Aid. (c) Transportation of Relief Material. (d) Establishment of Relief Camps. (e) Construction and Repair of Roads and Bridges. (f) Maintenance of Essential Services. (g) Evacuation of People to Safer Areas. (h) Stage management of International Relief. 5. Since the civil administration remains ill equipped for undertaking quick response to major disasters, the armed forces has been the primary option. As one of the most dedicated, professional, and modern armed forces in the world, the Indian armed forces respond to any disastrous situation with all their might. It is due to their technical competence, trained manpower, and logistical capabilities that they are always ready to rapidly undertake any kind of disaster-related rescue and relief operations. 6. They are also located in most remote areas where natural calamities are frequent. For instance, when the tsunami hit the Indian coast on December 26, 2004, the Indian armed forces, co-coordinated by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS), efficiently handled relief, rescue, and evacuation work under Operation Sea Wave, including extending aid to Sri Lanka and Maldives under Operation Rainbow and Operation Castor, respectively. 7. Whether, it was the Kashmir earthquake of 2005, the tropical cyclone in Bangladesh in, 2007, the fire at Burrabazar in Kolkata in 2008, the serial blasts at Bangalore and Ahmedabad in 2008, or the Mumbai attack of November 2008, the roles played by the armed forces are numerous. In August 2010, when Leh, was hit by flash floods which killed many people and left many other injured, the Indian Armed forcess resp

marketing Essay -- essays research papers

Race and Racism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Race and racism have been around since mankind made its first steps on the planet and it has brought upon violence, submissiveness, cruelty, and sexism into the world. A great representation of these themes and issues was brought by LeRoi Jones, who wrote â€Å"The Dutchman†. The play itself is a great representation of the relationships of races in America during the 60’s and can even been connected to today’s society. The Dutchman mainly focuses on the black-white relationship but can also be drawn to other cultures and races. I, myself, can also relate to what LeRoi Jones wrote in one way or another. Being a different culture and not being accepted was the first faà §ade of America that I got to experience and even though things have changed for me, I do have resentful feelings because some things just do not seem to change. LeRoi Jones made that clear because he wrote a play that can be related to events that are still happening today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dutchman is a fast paced play that makes an amazing transition from scene one to scene two. After doing some reading online, it has been said that the play actually resembles the version of the Adam and Eve story, where a white, insane, smart, and seducing woman prepares to kill a naà ¯ve black man. Clay and Lula are the main characters on the train and they engage in an intriguing and mind twisting display of word play. The play wants to steer the audience into a revolutionary thought process by proposing the idea of not being afraid, oppressed, and fighting back. The audience or readers feel stupid through the first act because Lula plays mind games and tries to bait Clay. LeRoi Jones did this on purpose because he wanted the audience to feel suspicious and stupid. He succeeds in this because Lula throws so much at the reader in act one that it’s almost impossible to even comprehend what she is saying. Clay is a twenty-year-old black man. Clay is a typical bourgeois black male and he seems to be very predictable that Lola is actually able to tell his history just by the way he acts and dresses. Clay is at first attracted to Lula who begins to flirt with him and invites herself to the party. But Clay is rather shocked by Lula because she is violent and racist. Even as she is behaving like that, he tries to keep his composure and maintain a certain ... ...se this play to educate others just by having someone else read this. I read this and did not understand the meaning first but this does apply to today’s society. LeRoi Jones wants underrepresented groups to be heard, especially when being pressured to conform or change by the dominant culture. I think America is great. It has given me an opportunity to start a new life after leaving the war in Bosnia. I did not know of many things that have happened here. The irony of it all is the cornerstone of the American history is freedom and equality. Yet, it’s so hard to think of everyone as equals. I just have a hard time grasping why things can not change. I come from Europe and things there are different. Yes, there is a lot of fighting, especially in my area of the world, but people appreciate each other more than they do here in America. It will be a long time before America changes but its going to be a long journey simply because there are still ignorant people out there who will pass that ignorance on to their future generations. In my opinion, America should not be called a nation yet because it’s not even united on a level that is more important than anything else in the world.

Customer perspectives revisited Essay

When a business loses the drive to pursue and retain customers, it loses its soul and therefore the right to exist. No business can function, thrive or prosper without a reliable customer base. In the customer perspective theory BSC makes it clear that it is not only essential to know who the target customers are and how a business can better serve that customer base. The BSC identifies three primary ways of providing services to customers in the Balance scorecard system. Operational excellence emphasizes low prices, and convenience ( Nevin 2003). Product leadership focuses on providing the  best product in the market. In customer intimacy the business stresses the development of long term relationships with the customer, doing whatever is necessary to know what it is that the customer truly wants. It does so while maintaining as much knowledge as possible of its customers. The reason for these efforts in acquiring superior customer knowledge comes down to the point that the businesses are attempting to provide as much satisfaction to the customers as possible. The other reasons include customer loyalty and the need for more market share. (Balancedscorecard. org. ) INTERNAL PROCESS PERSPECTIVE REVISITED: This area focuses on identification of the things that would need to be done in order to continue to add value to the customers and ultimately to the shareholders (Nevin 2003). The internal process aims to serve the customer and increase the total value of the organization, as well as keep record of the companies progress. The team’s objective is primarily to develop better products, to find better ways of manufacturing better products. To find better ways of delivering their products, and to find better ways of delivering better services after the products had been delivered. LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE REVISITED: This may actually be the most important aspect of the entire process. Organizations would get as far as their employees could take them. A team that lacks knowledge may not be able to provide the necessary services required by the customers. Therefore genuine effort must be made to keep employees abreast of necessary information. And that is what the learning and growth perspective tries to define. It emphasizes that information be made available to the employees. It requires the employees skills be as sharp as necessary. It does not want employees to be ignored. Again the key here is that any organization would only go as far as the employees could take it. With adequate care and education, employees can only do better for the company. It is important to point out that the BSC system does not ignore the financial perspective. But the key is that when a company has satisfied the other objectives, that company stand a pretty good chance of doing well financially. BALANCE SCORECARD AS A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Obviously putting a business and management strategy is important, but no strategy will function if it does not actually get implemented. So the first step in resolving the  issue of non-implementation, is to identify what the potential problems towards implementation may be, and then address those issues. According to fortune magazine (1999) about 70% of strategies are poorly executed, so how can it be executed better. Both the team and the management must pay attention to the four barriers: the vision barrier, the people barrier, the resource barrier, and the management barrier. (1) VISION BARRIER: To overcome the vision barrier, employees must not be kept in the dark. The BSC wants management to be very clear as to what the vision is. When possible place a figure on the  vision . For instance if the goal is to manufacture products without defects 90 % of the time, then it may be made clearer by stating exactly that. That figure of 90% translates the vision to a level that could not be misunderstood. Give the employees the appropriate knowledge base and strategic structure, that makes the entire strategic objective easier to follow. Management should facilitate a total understanding of the strategy and the whole structure in order to enable all the team members to fully understand the strategy and therefore work towards achieving it as a unit. (Kaplan & Norton).

Design Concept for a Convention of Medical Doctors

Design Concept for a Convention of Medical Doctors To provide a successful entertainment party for 500 medical doctors, it is very important to consider a number of steps: to choose an appropriate convention center, to evaluate the building and think about proper lighting and decorations, to understand how it is better to locate tables, and to occupy the guests with interesting and funny activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Design Concept for a Convention of Medical Doctors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering the fact that it is a cocktail party where guest will not be seated, no speakers are invited, and icebreaker reception is required, it is necessary to pay more attention to available event space and design concept. The Grand Prospect Hall, to be more precise the Grand View Ballroom, is the chosen convention center. It is located in Park Slope, Brooklyn (The Grand Prospect Hall, 2007) and is considered to be one of the most amazing historical plac es in New York. Cocktail parties are available for more than 500 people (Cvent Supplier Network, 2010) so that each guest may enjoy the offered comfort and beauty. The size of the hall provides planners with numerous opportunities to develop any kind of entertainment and invite some famous singers or musicians. Such idea meets the requirement set – all guest will mingle and certainly feel relax. There is no need to organize some thematic party and oblige guests to dress themselves accordingly. Now, more attention should be paid to the design concept for the chosen event. Subdued light is a successful decision to be made because guest may relax, be unnoticeable if necessary, and choose any attitude. As all guests do not have an opportunity to seat, it is necessary to have an empty space in the middle of the room: cocktail tables should be located around the whole room, and some space should be provided between the tables so that the guests are free to stand there and enjoy the time spent. In spite of the fact that there are no places for sitting, it is crucially important to consider some space with chairs in case some guests will be in need to sit and relax. It is also necessary to take into consideration the tables for empty glasses and plates. It is an entertainment party, so, it is possible to make use of funny posters or even helium balloons may be appropriate. It is necessary to consider the fact that these balloons should not prevent appropriate illumination of the room. Another considerable part of entertaining program may be a concert of some singer-star. There is no necessity to listen to the whole concert offered by a star, still pleasant background music seems to be appropriate for a party.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Icebreaker reception for guests may become paper badges with nicknames for each guest. To succeed in such act ivity, the planner should be aware of every guest and have solid background about all of them. Such badges will be helpful for all guests specially for those who are not familiar with each other in a good way. Drinks should be also properly chosen for an entertaining party especial for such party where guests will not be seated (Shock Stefanelli, 2008). It is wrong to have some strong alcoholic drinks like vodka or whisky because guests should be able to control their behavior and communication with each other. In general, the design concept for the event where 500 medical doctors entertain is based on appropriate illumination, a number of balloons to put the guests in a good mood, background life music, and control over drinks. Reference List Shock, P. J. Stefanelli, J.M. (2008). A Meeting Planner’s Guide to Catered Events. John Willey and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. The Grand Prospect Hall. (2007). Retrieved from https://grandprospect.com/ The Grand Prospect Hall. (2010). Cvent Su pplier Network. Retrieved from https://www.cvent.com/venues/new-york/special-event-venue/the-grand-prospect-hall/venue-5959a37e-38f2-4e21-8505-0ea3d3ead991

Reasons for Napoleons Defeat essays

Reasons for Napoleon's Defeat essays Why Were the French Armies Eventually Defeated by 1815? Up until 1807, the grande arme of France was very successful, never losing on land. They defeated the Austrians and Prussians at Austerlitz in 1805, the Prussians at Jena in 1806, and the Russians again in 1807 at Friedland, followed by the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit. However, it wasnt until the start of the Peninsular War in Iberia in 1808 that chinks began to appear in Napoleons seemingly invincible armour. Reasons for the eventual defeat of the French army include the drain on resources the Iberian campaign brought, modernisation of the armies of Napoleons enemies, and also better communication and unity between Frances many enemies, leading to his defeat at Leipzig in The Battle of the Nations in 1813, and then Waterloo in 1815. However, the most important reason for the eventual defeat of the French armies is Napoleons generalship after 1807. After the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon was both the Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the grande arme. This gave him total control, whether it was in new campaigns or the need for new equipment he didnt have to answer to anyone, and so if he needed more men he simply ordered that they be gathered. Large losses didnt matter, as there was no-one to protest against him. However, the strains of having to appear in total command both of France and its armies eventually took its toll on Napoleon, leading to some personal decline. He started to suffer from piles, and bladder and stomach problems. He would have outbursts of anger and hysteria, and became more intolerant of other peoples views, and so wouldnt take advice. An example of this was when, against advice he had been given, chose not try and envelope Kutusovs forces to cut them off from their supplies. The battle resulted in heavy losses on both sides, with the Ru...

Nursing -Activity homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing -Activity homework - Essay Example 345). Depending on the condition of the patient, monitoring should be either continuous or intermittently. Bubbling and swinging are assessed with the patient’s respiration. In normal respiration, the fluid within the tube rises with inspiration and falls with expiration (Paul and Williams, 2009 p.45). Absence indicates that the tube is blocked, or it is out of the pleural space. Intermittent bubbling in the water seal chamber shows an air leak when the patient coughs or exhales. Continuous bubbling indicates air leak between the patient and the drain. Volume, color and consistency of the drainage are monitored (Smeltzer et al., 2010, p. 234). The drain insertion site is also assessed for signs of infection and inflammation. The sutures are checked if they are intact and secure and that the dressing is clean and intact (Smeltzer et al., 2010 p. 252). The rationale for clamping the chest drain is to reduce the risk of tension pneumothorax. Smeltzer et al., (2010 p. 252) recommend disconnection of the chest drain in the case of sunction or the patient are ambulant. However, during the transport, the chamber should be kept below the patient’s chest level to enable draining (Smeltzer et al., 2010, p. 123). This allows gravity drainage and prevents backflow of fluid. However, Paul and Williams (2009, p. 13) suggest that clamping can also be done when the drainage bottle requires a replacement or to locate any air leak in the drainage system. Therefore, the suggestion that chest drains should only be removed when the patient is to be moved is false. If the water in the chest tube was—swinging but not bubbling or draining it means the air has been removed from the pleural space but that the pneumothorax has not resolved. When bubbling initially stops this should be further assessed by instructing the patient to cough. When monitoring for the patient with chest pneumothorax the bubbling shows the presence of air in

Personal Statement (Martin Luther King) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Statement (Martin Luther King) - Essay Example Martin Luther emphasizes the fact that a good reasoning ability is not enough for an individual to make a success of himself, but instead it is very important for one to have proper character and moral development. In Luther’s opinion, building an individual’s character helps them to have critical intellect, which would in turn helps them solve humane purposes. Exploring the dual purpose of education, Luther feels that education should be given utmost importance because it serves to ‘discipline the mind’ and channelize human life with a set of morals. According to Martin Luther, the primary goal of a good education comprises of two chief characteristics, which are 1) Intelligence and 2) Character. If either of these two is missing then education cannot be said to be complete or wholesome. Speaking on the function of education Martin Luther states that, â€Å"The function of education, therefore, is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may prove the greatest menace to society." (Martin Luther, ‘The Maroon Tiger, 1947) Luther strongly felt that many people among his own circle had a misconception on the true purpose or function of education. ... This dual function of education includes utility as well as culture. He strongly felt that education is a vehicle that enables man to achieve the goals he set for himself in life through efficiency and determination. In order to achieve these goals and make a success of oneself, education has to be a sort of training ground to help man think and act quickly and effectively. Shedding light on the so called educated people, Luther states that though they are educated, they allow themselves to be carried away mentally by believing in propaganda, half truths and other prejudices and, therefore, wonders about the true purpose of education and the extent it fulfills it. In his opinion, most educated people do not think and act either logically or scientifically. The chief aim of education according to Martin Luther is that it should serve to help people sift through the morass of half-truths and arrive at only the truth and nothing else. They should be able to segregate the facts from fict ion and arrive at what is real, leaving aside things that are unreal in life. To achieve such a state in life, intelligence alone is not enough because the true goal of education is to have an education that includes both intelligence and character. QUESTION 2: Critical thinking is one of the primary goals of a good Jesuit education and there is no doubt about the values it is based on. Dr. Martin Luther King encouraged and emphasized critical thinking because he clearly understood its importance in our everyday lives. There are many definitions of what good critical thinking is. According to the NSCC (Nashville State Community College) Critical thinking is defined as ‘the careful and deliberate determination of whether

Batch Distillation Column Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Batch Distillation Column - Assignment Example A single batch column is able to separate a multi-component mixture in a single operation, to its various components. During the start-up period, the column is adjusted in a way that ensures the distillate produced will be of desired purity (Jana, 2008, 145). The production period is, in contrast, the part of the process during which the product is withdrawn from the column. Operation of the batch distillation column takes place in four ways. Constant reflux ratio, total reflux, optimal ratio, and constant distillate composition are the methods used in operating batch distillation column. The method of operation of the batch distillation column is dependent on the type of mixture that is being separated. In the separation of the methanol/water mixture for instance, total reflux method could be appropriately used. In total reflux, the batch process is left alone to approach steady state before the withdrawal of the distillate product is allowed to start. In order to now achieve steady state, overhead vapours are condensed and collected in the condenser-reflux drum system (Diwekar, 2011, 5). All the liquid that has been condensed is directed to return to the column. When this happens, the liquid is further taken through the distillation process several times until there is no more distillate product to be removed. This continuous process of reflux and subsequent distillation ensures that the maximum possible purity is obtained, since no more distillate product is left unremoved. The process that goes on in the batch distillation column is a complex one. Liquid mixture is put in a vessel that is known as the still spot. The vessel is then heated to such a time as vapour is produced, and the vapour is directed to a rectifying column. As the vapours rise in the column, they become enriched in the component of the mixture that is more volatile. In the initial start-up period, all the vapour collected from the top section of the column is

Transformational Learning Essay Example for Free

Transformational Learning Essay I believe that transformational learning process when everyone in the world goes through it in their life. When that time in your life comes up if you are on the right path or no sometimes you are on the right career path or not some adult change their career path that’s is using their transformational learning. A transformational learning experience from my life is when my mother told me and my sibling that we was moving to myrtle beach south Carolina it took us nine hundred thirty eight miles away from our family. I was so heart broken when my mother told me that the process of us moving was overwhelming and so painful, my mother didn’t know how to tell our family that we was moving so far away. This moving process was so stressful for me and my siblings, but also exciting that we was moving to a new state and not knowing anyone or how to get around to places without getting are self lost. My mother knew our family members would be so sad because we Was moving so far away. My mother had to make sure the moving process went well before we moved to Myrtle Beach. One of the Mezirow’s seven phases that applies to my experiences would be recognizing that others have gone through a similar process. I researched that everyday people move to better their self and to better their kids in their education or better their career. My mother move to Myrtle Beach South Carolina so that me and my sibling can further are career and are goals.

Symbols and Symbolism - Pearl as Living Symbol in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Pearl as Living Symbol in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearl.   A child born of sin.   Conceived by lust.   Created by impurity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the result of her parents fall from grace, she represents the sinfulness of their act, and is a continual tool for the recollection of their dubious deed.   Sent, was she, from the Almighty God as a gift, and a burden of the heart.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'God gave me the child?' cried she.   'He gave her in requital of all things else, which ye had taken from me.   She is my happiness!- she is my torture, none the less!   See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a million fold the power of retribution for my sin?   Ye shall not take her!   I will die first!'"(109)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'There is truth in what she says,' began the minister, with a voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful, insomuch that the hall reechoed, and the hollow armor rang with it - 'truth in what Hester says, and in the feeling which inspires her!'"(110)...      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'I must be even so,' resumed the minister.'" " 'This child of its father's guilt and its mother's shame hath come from the hand of God, to work in many ways upon her heart, who pleads so earnestly, and with such bitterness of spirit, the right to keep her.   It was meant, doubtless, as the mother herself hath told us, for a retribution too; a torture to be felt at many an unthought-of moment; a pang, a sting, an ever-recurring agony, in the midst of a troubled joy!   Hath she not expressed this thought with the garb of the poor child, so forcibly reminding us of that red symbol which sears her bosom?'"(110-111).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearls gestures, and the essence which her presence pours forth, insinuate to the child's evil roots and the effect there of.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "the child could not be made amenable to rules.   In giving her existence, a great law had been broken, and the result was a being whose elements where perhaps beautiful and brilliant, but all in disorder."... "Above all, the warfare of Hester's spirit, at that epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl.   She could recognize her wild, desperate, defiant mood, the

Linguistic Performance and Competence Essay

Linguistic Knowledge Speakers’ linguistic knowledge permits them to form longer and longer sentences by joining sentences and phases together or adding modifiers to a noun. whether you stop at three, five or eighteen adjectives, it is impossible to limit the number you could add if desired. Very long sentences are theoretically possible, but they are highly improbable. Evidently, there is a difference between having the knowledge necessary to produce sentences of a language, and applying this knowledge. It is a difference between what you know, which your linguistic competence  is, and how you use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension, which is your linguistic performance. Linguistic Performance Linguistic Performance – a speaker’s actual use of language in real situations; what the speaker actually says, including grammatical errors and other non-linguistic features such as hesitations and other disfluencies. When we speak, we usually wish to convey some message. At some stage in the act of producing speech, we must organize our thoughts into strings of words. Sometimes the message is garbled. We may stammer, or  pause, or produce slips of the tongue. We may even sound like the baby, who illustrates the difference between linguistic knowledge and the way we use that knowledge in performance. Linguistic Competence Linguistic competence is a term used by speech experts and anthropologists to describe how language is defined within a community of speakers. This term applies to mastering the combination of sounds, syntax and semantics known as the grammar of a language. †¢ACCORDING TO CHOMSKY, COMPETENCE IS THE ‘IDEAL’ LANGUAGE SYSTEM THAT makes it possible for speakers to produce and understand an infinite  number of sentences in their language, and to distinguish grammatical sentences from ungrammatical sentences. oThis means a person’s ability to create and understand sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. Competence versus Performance â€Å"Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-communication, who know it’s (the speech community’s) language perfectly and that it is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in  applying his knowledge of this language in actual performance. â€Å" Chomsky differentiates competence, which is an idealized capacity, from performance being the production of actual utterances. According to him, competence is the ideal speaker-hearer’s knowledge of his or her language and it is the ‘mental reality’ which is responsible for all those aspects of language use which can be characterized as ‘linguistic’. Chomsky argues that only under an idealized situation whereby the speaker-hearer is unaffected by grammatically irrelevant conditions such as memory limitations and distractions  will performance be a direct reflection of competence. A sample of natural speech consisting of numerous false starts and other deviations will not provide such data. Therefore, he claims that a fundamental distinction has to be made between the competence and performance. Chomsky dismissed criticisms of delimiting the study of performance in favor of the study of underlying competence, as unwarranted and completely misdirected. He claims that the descriptivist limitation-in-principle to classification and organization of data, the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"extracting patterns† from a corpus of observed speech and the describing â€Å"speech habits† etc. are the core factors that precludes the development of a theory of actual performance. Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied. Although a speaker possesses an internalized set of rules and applies them in actual use, he cannot tell exactly what these rules are. So the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.

Lab Report I

Determining the Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions Mrs. Farrales Nikita Pandya October 23, 2012 December 3, 2012 INRODUCTION In the method of continuous variations the total number of moles of reactants is kept constant for the series of measurements. Each measurement is made with a different mole ratio of reactants. A mole ratio is ratio between the amounts in moles of any two compounds involved in a chemical reaction.Mole ratios are used as conversion factors between products and reactants in many chemistry problems. The optimum ratio, which is the stoichiometric ratio in the equation, form the greatest amount of product, and, if the reaction is exothermic, generate the most heat and maximum temperature change, Double replacement reactions are generally considered to be irreversible. The formation of an insoluble precipitate provides a driving force that makes the reaction proceed in one direction only.In a double reaction, the two reactants which are aqueous solutions (which can be broken down), can form two products one also an aqueous solution, and another which can be a precipitate, water, or a gas, which cannot be broken down, therefore making the reaction irreversible. The objective/goal of this laboratory is to find the optimum mole ratio for the formation of a precipitate in a double replacement reaction and use this information to predict the chemical formula of the precipitate. How can the products of a double reaction be predicted?How will it be determined if a product is aqueous or a precipitate? How will the method of continuous variations help determine the mole ratio of the two reactants? METHODS Materials: 1. Copper (II) chloride solution, CuCl2, 0. 05 M, 210 mL 2. Iron (III) nitrate solution, Fe(NO3) 3, 0. 1 M. 110 mL 3. Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, 0. 1 M, 320 mL 4. Sodium phosphate, tribasic, solution, Na3PO4, 0. 05 M, 210 ml 5. (14+) Test tubes (some graduated, some without graduations) 6. Black Marker 7. Marking tape 8. (2) Stirring rods, large 9. Pipets 10. (2) Test tube racks 1. (2) Pairs of gloves 12. Lab goggles 13. Lab apron 14. Timer 15. Para film Procedure The lab was set up, as it is seen in figure 1, with seven test tubes in a test tube rack. Using a clean 10mL graduated cylinder, the appropriate volume of iron(III) nitrate solution was taken from its container and transferred/added to each test tube using a pipet. Using a another clean 10mL graduated cylinder, the appropriate volume of sodium hydroxide solution was taken from its container and transferred/added to each test tube, which already contained iron(III) nitrate, using a pipet.Before the timer was started, each of the solutions in the test tube was stirred/mixed with a large stirring rod. This ensured that both the reactants mixed properly. After stirring the solutions, observations were noted for any signs of chemical changes. The mixtures were to be left for 10 minutes (a timer was used) to sit undisturbed, because any movement of the test tube could cause a hindrance in the settlement of the precipitate. Though each test tube was left undisturbed for 10 minutes, final observations were made after the solutions were left to sit undisturbed for 24 hours.After the 24 hours of settling, the volume of the precipitate in each test tube was measured and recorded. For test tube with graduations, seeing the numbers at eye level made the calculations, but for test tubes with no graduations a different method was used to measure the volume of the precipitate. First another test tube of the same size was found, then using a pipet, 1ml of water was measured in a 10mL graduated cylinder, and then poured into the similar size test tube. Using a black marker graduations were written on the test tube. Graduations up to 5mL only were made.After the graduations were complete the â€Å"graduated† test tube was held side by side with the similar size test tube with no graduations, and the precipitate was measured using this metho d. The same procedures were repeated with the reactants of the second table, CuCl2 and Na3PO4 Figure 1: The set up of the lab, the test tubes were labeled 1-7 RESULTS Data Table 1: Ratio between Fe(NO3)3 and NaOH are presented in this table along with the amount of precipitate that was produced in each of the test tube. Test Tube | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| Fe(NO3)3, 0. 1M, mL| 1| 2| 4| 3| 2| 5| 4|NaOH, 0. 1M, mL| 11| 10| 16| 9| 5| 10| 6| Fe:OH Mole Ratio| 1:11| 1:5| 1:4| 1:3| 2:5| 1:2| 2:3| Volume of Precipitate (mL)| 1 mL| 2. 8 mL| 3 mL| 0 mL| 0 mL| 0 mL| 0 mL| Data Table 2: Ratio between CuCl2 and Na3PO4 are presented in this table along with the amount of precipitate that was produced in each of the test tube. Test Tube | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| CuCl2, 0. 05 M, mL| 1| 4| 4| 6| 6| 8| 5| Na3PO4, 0. 05 M, mL| 5| 8| 6| 6| 4| 4| 1| Cu:PO4 Mole Ratio| 1:5| 1:2| 2:3| 1:1| 3:2| 2:1| 5:1| Volume of Precipitate (mL)| 1 mL| 4 mL| 3. 75 mL| 4 mL| 2. 5 mL| 3. 2 mL| 1 mL|RESULTS PARAGRAPH – PO ST LAB QUESTIONS Observations: Fe(NO3)3 and NaOH 1. Start time: 12:07 Separated instantly. After 3 minutes separated halfway End time: 12:17 Precipitate is 1/5 of test tube color is light orange 24 hours later: Same results 2. Start time: 12:11 Separated a little End time: 12:21 The precipitate takes up 2/5 of the test tube & is orange 24 hours later: Same results 3. Start time: 12:15 Instant separation End time: 12:25 Liquid still a little cloudy. Precipitate is ? of test tube color is light/dark orange 24 hours later: Same results 4.Start time: 12:19 Separating VERY slowly End time: 12:29 There is no precipitate just yet. Very cloudy. 24 hours later: Same results 5. Start time: 12:22 Separation did not occur instantly End time: 12:32 There is no precipitate just yet. Very cloudy. 24 hours later: Same results 6. Start time: 12:24 Separation did not occur instantly End time: 12:34 There is no precipitate. Very Cloudy. 24 hours later: Same results 7. Start time: 12:27 Separation did not occur instantly End time: 12:37 There is no precipitate just yet. 24 hours later: Same results CuCl2 and Na3PO4 1.Start time: 12:36 Separated quickly End time: 12:46 Precipitate ? of test tube. Color is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 2. Start time: 12:37 Separated quickly End time: 12:47 Precipitate is ? of test tube. Color is regular blue 24 hours later: Same results 3. Start time: 12:39 Separated quickly End time: 12:49 Precipitate is ? of test tube. Color is regular blue. 24 hours later: Same results 4. Start time: 12:41 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:51 Precipitate is ? of test tube and color is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 5.Start time: 12:42 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:52 Precipitate is 2/5 of test tube and color is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 6. Start time: 12:43 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:53 Precipitate is 3/5 of test tube and co lor is light blue 24 hours later: Same results 7. Start time: 12:45 Separated only a little bit in the first two minutes End time: 12:55 Precipitate is 1/5 of test tube and color is light blue In the observations mentioned above, estimates using numbers (fractions) were made.These fractions basically estimate the amount of precipitate that was formed in each test tube, or the lack of a precipitate. Observations were made after the ten-minute mark, and then left under the fume hood for 24hrs due to the fact that time fell short; observations were made then also. The observations also show that in the test tube where it was recorded that the separation between the compounds was instant, there was a precipitate formed. Respectively the observations also show that in test tubes where it was recorded that separation between the compounds was not instant, there was no precipitate formed.These observations describe the color of the solution/precipitate, and tell the transparency of the sol ution. Lastly these observations elaborate on the slow or fast process of how each solution separated into a precipitate, or didn’t, based on their specific mole ratio. It justifies how the different mole ratio produced the different precipitate amount. Figure 2: Fe(NO3)3 and NaOHFigure 3: CuCl2 and Na3PO4 These pictures show a visual of the seven test tubes in each experiment. In some of them the precipitates are present, in other test tubes there are no precipitates present, which means that they are still solutions.The test tubes with graduations, that had precipitates present were measured by reading the number at eye level. But test tube with no graduations, that had precipitates present, a special method that was mentioned in the procedures were used. Since in experiment two, all of the test tubes had a precipitate present there was a clear distinction in colors, the blue and clear, they were heterogonous mixtures. But in experiment one, only three of the seven test tub es had precipitates present, in those three test tubes there is a distinction in color, the red-ish orange and clear, they were heterogonous mixtures.But in the other four test tubes, since they are solutions it is a homogenous mixture where the entire solution has one consistency and color. DISCUSSION By conducting the experiment, and analyzing the results, the optimum mole ratio for the formation of the precipitate in a double replacement reaction was found, and the chemical formula of the precipitate was found, the initial purpose of the experiment. At the beginning of the experiment two questions were proposed. ANSWER QUESTIONS ERRORS CONCLUSION LITTLE BIT FROM DATA AND DISCUSSION PARAGRAPH.